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  • 高中英語(yǔ)會(huì)考主語(yǔ)從句知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

    時(shí)間:2023-12-27 22:00:00 偲穎 英語(yǔ)知識(shí) 我要投稿
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    高中英語(yǔ)會(huì)考主語(yǔ)從句知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

      在學(xué)習(xí)中,大家都背過(guò)不少知識(shí)點(diǎn),肯定對(duì)知識(shí)點(diǎn)非常熟悉吧!知識(shí)點(diǎn)也不一定都是文字,數(shù)學(xué)的知識(shí)點(diǎn)除了定義,同樣重要的公式也可以理解為知識(shí)點(diǎn)。你知道哪些知識(shí)點(diǎn)是真正對(duì)我們有幫助的嗎?下面是小編為大家收集的高中英語(yǔ)會(huì)考主語(yǔ)從句知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié),供大家參考借鑒,希望可以幫助到有需要的朋友。

    高中英語(yǔ)會(huì)考主語(yǔ)從句知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

      知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)1:

      主語(yǔ)從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的從句,通常放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前或由形式主語(yǔ)it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。

      1.It 作形式主語(yǔ)和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較

      It 作形式主語(yǔ)代替主語(yǔ)從句,主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu),主語(yǔ)從句的連接詞沒(méi)有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對(duì)句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào),無(wú)論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分,都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí)也可用who/whom。例如:

      a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.你不去看那場(chǎng)電影真可惜。

      b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我對(duì)你成功與否不感興趣。

      c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.謀殺案是在早上發(fā)生的。(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)

      d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗戶。(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)

      2.用it 作形式主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)

      (1) It is + 名詞 + 從句

      It is a fact that … 事實(shí)是…

      It is an honor that …非常榮幸

      It is common knowledge that …是常識(shí)

      (2) It is + 形容詞 + 從句

      It is natural that… 很自然…

      It is strange that… 奇怪的是…

      (3) It is + 不及物動(dòng)詞 + 從句

      It seems that… 似乎…

      It happened that… 碰巧…

      It appears that… 似乎…

      (4) It + 過(guò)去分詞 + 從句

      It is reported that… 據(jù)報(bào)道…

      It has been proved that… 已證實(shí)…

      It is said that… 據(jù)說(shuō)…

      3.主語(yǔ)從句不可位于句首的五種情況:

      (1)if 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。

      (2)It is said /reported…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如:

      正確表達(dá):It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.

      錯(cuò)誤表達(dá):That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.

      (3)It happens/occurs…結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如:

      正確表達(dá):It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.

      錯(cuò)誤表達(dá):That he failed in the examination occurred to him.

      (4)It doesn’t matter how/whether …結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如:

      正確表達(dá):It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.

      錯(cuò)誤表達(dá):Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.

     。5)含主語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句是疑問(wèn)句時(shí),主語(yǔ)從句不可提前。例如:

      正確表達(dá):Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?

      錯(cuò)誤表達(dá):Is that will rain in the evening likely?

      4.what 與that 在引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別

      what 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)在句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分,如主語(yǔ).賓語(yǔ).表語(yǔ),而that 則不然。例如:

      a) What you said yesterday is right.

      b) That she is still alive is a consolation

      知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)2:

      主語(yǔ)從句

      即在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)成分的句子,例如"That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all",他在很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)寫(xiě)完作文讓我們都很驚訝,此復(fù)合句主要描述的是某事讓我們驚訝,某事就是該復(fù)合句的主語(yǔ),因此“That he finished writing the composition in such a short time”便是該復(fù)合句的主語(yǔ)從句。

      引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的連詞主要有:

      從屬連詞:that whether

      連接代詞:who whoever whom whose what whatever which whichever

      連接副詞:when where how why

      定義:在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)成分的句子叫做主語(yǔ)從句。

      主語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)不受主句時(shí)態(tài)的影響和限制

     。1)That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.

      (2)Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.

     。3)Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet.

      (4)Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.

     。5)What caused the accident remains unknown.

     。6)Whatever you did is right.

     。7)Whom the watch belongs to is unknown.

     。8)What we need is time.

      (9)What we need are good doctors.

      名詞性從句的時(shí)態(tài)規(guī)則:

      1)、主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以用任何需要的時(shí)態(tài)。

      I wonder what he is doing now.

      Do you know when and where he was born?

      Ill write to tell him where I ll meet him.

      2)、主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般需用過(guò)去時(shí)。

     。1)從句與主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。

      I thought that he studied hard.

      He told me his son was watching TV.

     。2)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之后,從句用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。

      He said he would spend his holidays in Qingdao.

      (3)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前,從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。

      They told me they had waited for me half an hour.

      (4)從句如果有表示過(guò)去某一具體時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ),仍用過(guò)去時(shí)。

      She told me her brother died in 1945.

      3)客觀的條件,從句時(shí)態(tài)不受絲毫影響。

     。1)從句說(shuō)明的是不受時(shí)間限制的事實(shí)或真理(客觀真理)。

      The teacher told us that the earth turns from west to east.

      He said Asia is the largest continent.

      It was true that water freezes at thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit.

     。2)當(dāng)從句表示的是反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的時(shí)態(tài)不變。

      She told me that she gets up at six oclock every morning.

      He asked me when the train usually starts.

     。3)當(dāng)從句是用來(lái)表達(dá)解釋科技內(nèi)容時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)不變。

      (4)當(dāng)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作仍在繼續(xù)時(shí),或者表示現(xiàn)在仍在的狀態(tài)時(shí),時(shí)態(tài)不變。

      He said that the workers in that factory are trying to fulfill the task in time.

      She told me the other day that she is only 10.

      (5)當(dāng)從句的動(dòng)作狀態(tài)還未發(fā)生,要用一般式表示。強(qiáng)調(diào)與現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系。

      He said he will wait for me this evening.

      小結(jié):

      (1)引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句連詞有that,whether,who,what,whatever等

     。2)連詞位于句首不能省略

      (3)主語(yǔ)從句大多數(shù)情況下視為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù),但也有例外;

      注意:當(dāng)what引導(dǎo)的名詞性分句作主語(yǔ)時(shí),主謂一致問(wèn)題極為復(fù)雜。著名學(xué)者周海中教授在論文《關(guān)于what-分句作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致問(wèn)題》中就這一問(wèn)題做了深入研究,并給出了10種的主謂一致關(guān)系。這些一致關(guān)系值得英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者和使用者特別注意。

      定語(yǔ)從句

      一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句跟在一名詞或代詞后(先行詞)進(jìn)行修飾限定,就叫做定語(yǔ)從句。在主句中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)成分。被修飾的詞叫先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句不同于單詞作定語(yǔ)的情況,它通常只能放在被修飾的詞(即先行詞)之后。

      定語(yǔ) 從句由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞)引導(dǎo),關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞位于定語(yǔ)從句句首。

      關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

      關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ) 從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。

      1)who, whom,that

      這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:

      Is he the man who/that wants to see you?

      他就是想見(jiàn)你的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ)) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.

      他就是我昨天見(jiàn)的那個(gè)人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ))

      2) Whose 用來(lái)指人或物,(只用作定語(yǔ), 若指物,它還可以同of which互換), 例如:

      They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人車(chē)壞了,大家都跑過(guò)去幫忙。

      Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書(shū)。

      3)which, that

      它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等,例如:

      A prosperitywhich / thathad never been seen before appears in the countryside.農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未 有的繁榮。(which / that在句中作主語(yǔ))

      The packagewhich / thatyou are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which / that 在句中作賓語(yǔ))

      關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

      關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。

      1)when, where, why

      關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu),因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用,例 如:

      There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。

      Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。

      Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?

      2)that代替關(guān)系副詞

      that可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從 句,在非正式文體中that常被省略(正式文體中不可省略),例如:

      His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父親在他出生那年逝世了。

      He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十 年前居住過(guò)的地方。

      判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞

      方法一: 用關(guān)系代詞,還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無(wú)賓語(yǔ),就必須要 求用關(guān)系代詞。例如:

     。ㄥe(cuò)) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.

     。ㄥe(cuò)) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.

      (對(duì)) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.

     。▽(duì)) Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.

      習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯(cuò)在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。

      方法二: 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系 副詞.先行詞在從句中作主、定、賓語(yǔ)時(shí),應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系代詞;先行詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),應(yīng)選 擇關(guān)系副詞。

      例如:(對(duì))Is this the museum which you visited a few days ago?

     。▽(duì))Is this the museum where the exhibition was held?

      從句結(jié)構(gòu)

      定語(yǔ)從句公式

      定語(yǔ)從句=先行詞+關(guān)系詞+從句

      先行詞

      指被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞、代詞或句子。

      一般先行詞出現(xiàn)在定語(yǔ)從句的前面。

      關(guān)系詞

      關(guān)系詞常有3個(gè)作用:

     、龠B接作用,連接主句和定語(yǔ)從句。

     、谥复刃性~。

     、墼诙ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。

      注:關(guān)系代詞有主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)之分。一般who做主語(yǔ)或其賓格形式的whom做賓語(yǔ)(whom作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略),whose作為定語(yǔ)(whose不可省略)。關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),定語(yǔ)等,關(guān)系副詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)(where),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(when),原因狀語(yǔ)(why)。[1]

      定語(yǔ)用來(lái)限定、修飾名詞或代詞,是對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語(yǔ)(動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞表示的)漢語(yǔ)中常用“……的”表示。主要由形容詞擔(dān)任,此外,名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、分詞、副詞、不定式以及介詞短語(yǔ)也可以來(lái)?yè)?dān)任,也可以由一個(gè)句子來(lái)?yè)?dān)任。單詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)通常放在它所修飾的詞之前,作前置定語(yǔ)。短語(yǔ)、從句作定語(yǔ)時(shí)則放在所修飾的詞之后,作后置定語(yǔ)。

      被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞、代詞稱(chēng)為先行詞。如“the girl”,“the book”

      如:She is the girl who likes singing.她就是那個(gè)喜歡唱歌的女孩。

      這就是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。

      知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)3:

      一、在定語(yǔ)從句中as可以做主語(yǔ)嗎

      可以,特別是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。

      1,as 能放在定語(yǔ)從句句首

      2.as和固定用法搭配:as you know.

      如例句:

     。1)As is known to all, China is a developing country.

      (2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.

      (3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.

      二、定語(yǔ)從句中as的用法

      引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞as可以用作關(guān)系代詞,引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,因而被稱(chēng)作準(zhǔn)關(guān)系代詞。

      1.準(zhǔn)關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)限制定語(yǔ)從句,用于以下3個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中,as在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ):

      a.so / such…as

      Such people as were mentioned by him were honest.(as作主語(yǔ))

      I’ve never seen such a clever man as he is.(as作表語(yǔ))

      Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an (= such a difficult) examination problem as none of us worked out.

      b.the same…as

      Modern statemen are often faced with the same problem as defeated the ancient Romans.(as 作賓語(yǔ))

      I like the same book as you do.(as 作賓語(yǔ))

      c.as…as

      As many children as came were given some cakes.(as 作主語(yǔ))

      He is as diligent a man as ever lived.(as 作主語(yǔ))

      補(bǔ)充:

      a.such…as 與 such…that的區(qū)別

      such…as 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句;such…that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。

      They talked in such simple English as children could understand.

      他們用孩子們能聽(tīng)懂的簡(jiǎn)單的英語(yǔ)交談。

      They talked in such simple English that children could understand it.

      他們用十分簡(jiǎn)單的英語(yǔ)交談,連孩子們都能聽(tīng)懂。

      I will provide you with such things as you may need.

      我要供給你一些你可以用得著的東西。

      He shut the window with such a force that the glass broke.

      他如此用力地關(guān)門(mén),結(jié)果玻璃碎了。

      b.the same…as與the same…that的區(qū)別:

      the same…as指兩物相似,the same..描述的是同一物。

      This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.

      這個(gè)書(shū)包和我昨天丟失的(書(shū)包)相似。(相似物)

      This is the same bag that I lost yesterday.

      這正是我昨天丟失的那個(gè)書(shū)包。(同一物)

      2.準(zhǔn)關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)非限制定語(yǔ)從句。

      a.as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,只代表主語(yǔ)或主句的一部分所表達(dá)的意思(不能指代某個(gè)名詞或代詞),可以放在主句前,后或中間,在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)、例如:

      As is known to all, he is the best student in our class.(as指代整個(gè)句子,作主語(yǔ),置于句首)

      He opposed the idea, as could be expected.(as 指代整個(gè)句子,作主語(yǔ),置于句末)

      As we all know, he studies very hard.(as 指代整個(gè)句子,作賓語(yǔ),置于句首)

      Taiwan is, as you know, an inseparable part of China.(as指代整個(gè)句子,作賓語(yǔ),置于句中)

      常用的這類(lèi)句式有:

      as is said above 綜上所述 - as is known to all 眾所周知

      as is often the case 通常如此 - as is reported in the newspaper 如報(bào)紙所報(bào)導(dǎo)的

      b.主句具有否定意義,as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句位于主句之后時(shí),as指代得主句不包括否定意義,并可用but取代。例如:

      Whales are now fish, as some people think / but some people think they are.

      I am no orator, as Brutus is.我不善言詞,而勃魯特斯卻是個(gè)雄辯家.

      Spiders are notinsects,as many people think, nor even near1y related to them.

      蜘蛛不是昆蟲(chóng),盡管許多人認(rèn)為它是昆蟲(chóng),它甚至與昆蟲(chóng)幾乎沒(méi)有關(guān)系.

      但as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)主句前時(shí),as指代的主句仍包括否定意義。

      As has been said above, grammar is not a set of dead rules.

      正如前面所說(shuō)的,語(yǔ)法不是一套死條紋。

      3.在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,which和as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別:

      a.which引導(dǎo)的從句不能放在主句前,而as引導(dǎo)的從句則既可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后。

      b.用能做關(guān)系代詞,as和which都可以指代一個(gè)句子,但as有“正如”、“就像”之意,which則沒(méi)有此含義。

      He is a foreigner, as I know from his accent.(as指代一個(gè)句子,意為“正如”、“就像”)

      He has to work on Sunday, which he doesn’t like.(which指代一個(gè)句子,沒(méi)有“正如”、“就像”)

      c.當(dāng)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是be或相當(dāng)于聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞的seem, become等時(shí),可用as或which作主語(yǔ)。但當(dāng)從句的謂語(yǔ)是行為動(dòng)詞時(shí),只能用which作主語(yǔ)。

      4.as 可用作連詞,引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句,構(gòu)成省略形式“as + 過(guò)去分詞”這一特殊結(jié)構(gòu),譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)作用如定語(yǔ)。例如:

      The bridge as shown in the picture is really wonderful.(as shown = as it is shown 可譯為“圖中的橋”)

      See the answers as given at the end of this book.(as given = as it is shown 可譯為“書(shū)后給出的答案”)

      English as spoken is Australia is slightly different from British English.

      (as spoken = as it is spoken 可譯為“在澳大利亞講得英語(yǔ)”)

      請(qǐng)看下列的“as + 過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)用于修飾前面的名詞:

      The study as described in the article… 如文章中描述的那種學(xué)習(xí)

      The program as conducted by… 由…指揮的(指導(dǎo)的)節(jié)目

      The art as applied to medicine… 應(yīng)用于醫(yī)學(xué)的藝術(shù)

      The products as seen on TV…電視上看到得產(chǎn)品

      知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)4:

      1.定語(yǔ)從句中含there be,作定語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞可以省略。

      You must make a list of the names of the students there are in your class.

      你必須列一張你班同學(xué)的名單。

      He showed me the difference there is between what is right and what is wrong.

      他給我指出了對(duì)和錯(cuò)的不同之處。

      2.主句以there be開(kāi)始,作定語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞可以省略。

      There is something keeps worrying me.

      有些事一直使我擔(dān)心。

      There is a teacher here can speak Spanish.

      這里有一位老師能說(shuō)西班牙語(yǔ)。

      3.主句以that is/was開(kāi)始的句子中,作定語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞可以省略。

      Thats all is todays homework.

      今天的家庭作業(yè)就是這些。(all后省去that)

      Was that someone posted your letter?

      是有人幫你把信寄走了嗎?(someone后省去that)

      4.主句以here is,here are開(kāi)始,作定語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞可以省略。

      Here is the professor comes from the Oxford University.

      這是從牛津大學(xué)來(lái)的一位教授。(professor后省去who)

      Here are three or four of us got a full mark in the examination.

      我們這里三四個(gè)人考試得了滿分。(us后省去who)

      5.主語(yǔ)以have(意思是“有”)作謂語(yǔ),作定語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞可以省略。如:

      I have two more people should come to help me.

      我還有兩個(gè)人應(yīng)該來(lái)幫助我。(people后省去who)

      We have words to speak to those people will be put to do the work.

      我還有話要對(duì)派去做這工作的人說(shuō)。(people后省去who)

      英語(yǔ)關(guān)系代詞作定語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)省略的情況常見(jiàn)之于口語(yǔ)和非正式英語(yǔ),對(duì)我們作為非本族語(yǔ)言的人來(lái)說(shuō)應(yīng)該慎用。但是了解這種省略情況是完全必要的,因?yàn)檫@會(huì)有助于我們識(shí)別和理解這種語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象,提高我們的英語(yǔ)閱讀能力和欣賞水平。

      知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)5:

      1.某些表示地點(diǎn)、方位、時(shí)間的副詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),通常要后置。例如:

      Do you know the lady downstairs ?

      你認(rèn)識(shí)樓下的那位女士嗎?

      The people there are going to Beijing.

      那里的人們打算去北京。

      The life tomorrow will be more comfortable.

      明天的生活將令人感到更舒適。

      2.介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí),必須后置。例如:

      The friendship between the two countries will last forever .兩國(guó)之間的友誼將長(zhǎng)存。

      The ball under the chair is mine.

      椅子下的球是我的。

      3.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)(不定式和分詞)作定語(yǔ)時(shí),必須后置。例如:

      The people living here are fond of folk songs.

      住在這里的人們喜愛(ài)民歌。

      What is the language spoken in this African country ? 這個(gè)非洲國(guó)家講什么語(yǔ)言?

      This is the gentleman to be interviewed next time.

      這是下次要采訪的先生。

      4.從句作定語(yǔ)時(shí),必須后置。例如:

      She married a man who is rich.

      她嫁給了一位有錢(qián)人。

      The officer visited an island where only two soldiers live .

      這位軍官訪問(wèn)了只有兩位戰(zhàn)士居住的一個(gè)島嶼。

      5.其他定語(yǔ)后置現(xiàn)象

      (1)形容詞修飾不定代詞時(shí),通常要后置。

      例如:

      -What’s the matter with you ? 您怎么啦?

      -Nothing serious.沒(méi)啥大不了的事兒。

      There’s something wrong with the machine.

      這機(jī)器有毛病。

      (2)形容詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí),通常后置。例如:

      Italian is a Language very difficult to learn.

      意大利語(yǔ)是一門(mén)非常難學(xué)的語(yǔ)言。

      She has a garden much larger than yours .

      她的花園比你的花園大得多。

      (3)含有-able , -ible 等后綴的形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),常放在被修飾的詞后面。例如:

      The travellers have tried all the ways possible.

      這些旅行者已試過(guò)了所有可能通的路。

      I have a computer available.

      我有一臺(tái)可使用的電腦。

      (4)某些形容詞如alive 、asleep等作定語(yǔ)時(shí),必須后置。例如:

      The lady is one of the greatest novelist alive.

      這位女士是當(dāng)今最偉大的小說(shuō)家之一。

      The man asleep in bed is my elder brother .

      熟睡在床上的人是我哥哥。

      注:某些形容詞前置與后置時(shí),意義有很大的區(qū)別。例如:

      The present government supports the USA.

      The Smiths , and other people present were surprised at the news .

      史密斯夫婦以及其他在場(chǎng)的人對(duì)此消息感到驚訝。

      That’s not the proper way to stop the machine.

      用這種方式關(guān)掉機(jī)器是不妥當(dāng)?shù)摹?/p>

      Architecture(建筑)proper is art .

      建筑本身就是藝術(shù)。

      知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)6:

      定語(yǔ)從句省略主語(yǔ)that

      1.關(guān)系代詞which,whom,who,that在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略.

      Here is the man (who/that/whom)youre been looking for.

      以下情況不能省略:

     。1)在介詞+whom與介詞+which中,whom,which不能省略.

      Do you know any shops nearby in which I can buy flowers?

      Thatis the headmaster with whom my father was talking just now.

      注:當(dāng)介詞放在動(dòng)詞后時(shí),which,whom就可以省略.

      Who is the man (whom) you talked with just now?

     。2)在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞也不能省略.

      Mr Green,whom you know,is the tallest in our school.

      The elephant is like a spear,as anybody can see.

     。3)在the same ...as,such...as,as...as,the same...that中,as,that即使作賓語(yǔ),也不能省略I have bought the same bicycle as you have (bought).(指同類(lèi)用as)

      This is the same bookthatI read the day before yesterday.(that指同一個(gè))

      (4)當(dāng)由and,but,or等連詞連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的定語(yǔ)從句修飾一個(gè)先行詞時(shí),第一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞可省,但第二,第三個(gè)不可省略.

      This is the book (which) I read yesterday and which I find very interesting.

      2.當(dāng)that在從句中作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略.

      He is not the man (that) he used to be.

      She is all (that) a teacher should be.

      3.在there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中出現(xiàn)定語(yǔ)從句,或在定語(yǔ)從句中出現(xiàn)there be 時(shí),用作主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞也可省略.

      There is a man downstairs (who) wants to see you.

      This is the best dictionary (that) there is in the library.

      4.狀語(yǔ)的省略

     。1)當(dāng)先行詞是reason,而且定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí),關(guān)系代詞可用why,that,也可以省略.

      The reason (why/that) he failed was his laziness.

      Thatis the reason (why) I did it.

      (2)當(dāng)先行詞是way,且在定語(yǔ)從句中作方式狀語(yǔ)時(shí),關(guān)系代詞可用in which,that,也可以省略.

      The way (in which/that) these comrades look at problems is wrong.

      Thatwas the way (in which/that) she worked the problem out.

      注意:當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),不省略.

      例如:I dont know the waythat/ which leads to the top of the mountains.

      (3)當(dāng)先行詞是time時(shí),關(guān)系代詞可用when,that或省略.

      The second time (that) I saw him was in 1980.

      I dont know the exact time (when/that) the sports meet will take place.

      注意:關(guān)系代詞作賓語(yǔ)有時(shí)也不能省略.

      知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)7:

      一、定語(yǔ)從句的概念

      定語(yǔ)從句:指在在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句。

      被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞,引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞,定語(yǔ)從句一般放在先行詞的后面。

      二、引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞

      引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞,常見(jiàn)的關(guān)系代詞包括that, which,

      who(賓格whom,所有格whose)等,關(guān)系副詞包括where, when,

      why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語(yǔ)從句之間起連接作用,同時(shí)又作定語(yǔ)從句的重要成分。

      三、定語(yǔ)從句的分類(lèi)

      根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的關(guān)系,定語(yǔ)從句可分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句及非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。限制性定語(yǔ)從句緊跟先行詞,主句與從句不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi),從句不可省去。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與主句之間有逗號(hào)分開(kāi),起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。

      四、關(guān)系代詞的用法

      1.that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不可省略,作賓語(yǔ)可省略。例如:

      Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.

      瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂(lè)。(that作主語(yǔ))

      The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.

      我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍(lán)色的。(that作賓語(yǔ))

      2.which用于指物,在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。作主語(yǔ)不可省略,作賓語(yǔ)可省略。例如:

      The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.

      位于火車(chē)站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。(作主語(yǔ))

      The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.

      我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。(作賓語(yǔ))

      3.who, whom用于指人,who

      用作主語(yǔ),whom用作賓語(yǔ)。在口語(yǔ)中,有時(shí)可用who代替whom。who和whom作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)也可省略。例如:

      The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.

      經(jīng)常在英語(yǔ)方面幫助我的那個(gè)女孩是英國(guó)人。(作主語(yǔ))

      Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?

      正在與李明談話的老師是誰(shuí)?(作賓語(yǔ))

      注意:

      (1)當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句中含有介詞,介詞放在句末時(shí),who,whom,that,

      which可省略,但介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時(shí),只能用“介詞+which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:

      This is the house in which we lived last year.

      這是我們?nèi)ツ昃幼〉姆孔印?/p>

      Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English

      novel.請(qǐng)告訴我你從誰(shuí)那借的這本英文小說(shuō)。

      (2)含有介詞的固定動(dòng)詞詞組中,介詞不可前置,只能放在原來(lái)的位置上。例如:

      This is the person whom you are looking for.

      這就是你要找的那個(gè)人。

      (3)that 作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),介詞不能放它的前面,只能放在從句中動(dòng)詞的后面。例如:

      The city that she lives in is very far away.

      她居住的城市非常遠(yuǎn)。

      (4)關(guān)系詞只能用that的情況:

      a.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾,或本身是序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí),只能用that,而不用which.例如:

      He was the first person that passed the exam.

      他是第一個(gè)通過(guò)考試的人。

      b.被修飾的先行詞為all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the

      one等不定代詞指物時(shí),只能用that,而不用which.例如:

      Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?

      你在商店里有什么東西要買(mǎi)嗎?

      c.先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few

      等詞修飾時(shí),只能用that,而不用which.例如:

      This is the same bike that I lost.

      這就是我丟的那輛自行車(chē)。

      d.先行詞里同時(shí)含有人或物時(shí),只能用that, 而不用which.例如:

      I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the

      room.

      我能清楚記得我在那個(gè)房間所見(jiàn)到的人和一些照片。

      e.以who或which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句,為避免重復(fù),只能用that.例如:

      Who is the girl that is crying?

      正在哭泣的那個(gè)女孩是誰(shuí)?

      f.主句是there be 結(jié)構(gòu),修飾主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句用that,而不用which,例如:

      There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.

      桌子上那本書(shū)是湯姆的。

      (5)關(guān)系詞只能用which,而不用that 的情況:

      a.先行詞為that, those時(shí),用which, 而不用that.例如:

      What’s that which is under the desk?

      在桌子底下的那些東西是什么?

      b.關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí),which,而不用that.例如:

      This is the room in which he lives.

      這是他居住的房間。

      c.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞指事物時(shí),用which, 而不用that,例如:

      Tom came back, which made us happy.

      湯姆回來(lái)了,這使我們很高興。

      五、關(guān)系副詞的用法

      1.when指時(shí)間,其先行詞表示時(shí)間,when在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如:

      This was the time when he arrived.

      這是他到達(dá)的時(shí)間。

      知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)8:

      一、名詞性從句:

      1.主要包括主語(yǔ)從句,賓語(yǔ)從句,表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。一般由that 引起,也可由who, what, when, why, which, whom, whether, how 引起。

      2.主語(yǔ)從句很多情況下都可以放到句子后面,而用代詞it作形式上的主語(yǔ)。

      3.形式賓語(yǔ)

      4.由名詞性關(guān)系代詞whatever, whoever, whichever 等引起的賓語(yǔ)從句

      5.whether and if 都能引導(dǎo)從句,但用法有所不同。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)從句直接位于句首時(shí),應(yīng)用whether,而不用if.Whether 后能直接or not, 但if 不能。Whether he will come or not is not known.

      6.在名詞reason后的表語(yǔ)從句必須用that引導(dǎo),不可誤用 because.

      The reason why he is often late for class is that he has the bad habit of getting up late in the morning.

      二、定語(yǔ)從句

      1.引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有who, whom, whose, that, when, where, why and which.在非限制定語(yǔ)從句中,只可用which, who, whose, where , when., 如果指代前面整個(gè)句子, 多用which.

      2.當(dāng)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞前有all, any, no, little, much, very first 等詞,或先行詞前為形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾時(shí),或先行詞為all, anything, nothing, something, everything 時(shí),從句的引導(dǎo)詞只能用that.

      3.as 可做引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句, 多和such, the same 連用。As 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句也可修飾整個(gè)句子,既可放在先行詞后,也可放在句子開(kāi)頭。

      4.介詞+which/whom/whose從句

      5.代/名+介詞+which 從句

      6.同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句

      三、定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞

      引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞,常見(jiàn)的關(guān)系代詞包括that, which, who(賓格whom,所有格whose)等,關(guān)系副詞包括where, when, why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語(yǔ)從句之間起連接作用,同時(shí)又作定語(yǔ)從句的重要成分。

      四、定語(yǔ)從句的分類(lèi)

      根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的關(guān)系,定語(yǔ)從句可分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句及非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。限制性定語(yǔ)從句緊跟先行詞,主句與從句不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi),從句不可省去,非限制性定語(yǔ)從句主句與從句之間有逗號(hào)分開(kāi),起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。

      五、關(guān)系代詞的用法

      1.that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不可省略,作賓語(yǔ)可省略。例如:

      Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂(lè)。(that作主語(yǔ))

      The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍(lán)色的。(that作賓語(yǔ))

      2.which用于指物,在句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),作主語(yǔ)不可省略,作賓語(yǔ)可省略。例如:

      The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火車(chē)站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。(作主語(yǔ))

      The film (which)we saw last night was wonderful.我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。(作賓語(yǔ))

      3.who, whom用于指人,who 用作主語(yǔ),whom用作賓語(yǔ)。在口語(yǔ)中,有時(shí)可用who代替whom, 也可省略。例如:

      The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.經(jīng)常在英語(yǔ)方面幫助我的那個(gè)女孩是英國(guó)人。(作主語(yǔ))

      Who is the teacher (whom)Li Ming is talking to? 正在與李明談話的老師是誰(shuí)?(作賓語(yǔ))

      注意:(1)當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句中含有介詞,介詞放在句末時(shí),who, that, which可省略,但介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時(shí),只能用“介詞+which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:

      This is the house in which we lived last year.這是我們?nèi)ツ昃幼〉姆孔印?/p>

      Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.請(qǐng)告訴我你從誰(shuí)那借的這本英文小說(shuō)。

     。2)含有介詞的固定動(dòng)詞詞組中,介詞不可前置,只能放在原來(lái)的位置上。例如:

      This is the person whom you are looking for.這就是你要找的那個(gè)人。

      (3)that 作介詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),介詞不能放它的前面,只能放在從句中動(dòng)詞的后面。例如:

      The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常遠(yuǎn)。

     。4)關(guān)系詞只能用that的情況:

      a.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾,或本身是序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí),只能用that,而不用which.例如:

      He was the first person that passed the exam.他是第一個(gè)通過(guò)考試的人。

      b.被修飾的先行詞為all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代詞時(shí),只能用that,而不用which.例如:

      Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么東西要買(mǎi)嗎?

      c.先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等詞修飾時(shí),只能用that, 而不用which.例如:

      This is the same bike that I lost.這就是我丟的那輛自行車(chē)。

      d.先行詞里同時(shí)含有人或物時(shí),只能用that, 而不用which.例如:

      I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚記得我在那個(gè)房間所見(jiàn)到的人和一些照片。

      e.以who或which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句,為避免重復(fù),只能用that.例如:

      Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那個(gè)女孩是誰(shuí)?

      f.主句是there be 結(jié)構(gòu),修飾主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句用that,而不用which.例如:

      There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.桌子上那本書(shū)是湯姆的。

     。5)關(guān)系詞只能用which,而不用that 的情況:

      a.先行詞為that, those時(shí),用which, 而不用that.例如:

      What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些東西是什么?

      b.關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí),一般用which,而不用that.例如:

      This is the room in which he lives.這是他居住的房間。

      c.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,用which, 而不用that.例如:

      Tom came back, which made us happy.湯姆回來(lái)了,這使我們很高興。

      六、關(guān)系副詞的用法

      (1)when指時(shí)間,其先行詞表示時(shí)間,在句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如:

      This was the time when he arrived.這是他到達(dá)的時(shí)間。

     。2)where指地點(diǎn),其先行詞表示地點(diǎn),在句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。例如:

      This is place where he works.這是他工作的地點(diǎn)。

      (3)why 指原因,其先行詞是原因,起原因狀語(yǔ)作用。例如:

      Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.沒(méi)人知道他為什么上學(xué)總遲到。

      知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)9:

      (一)定語(yǔ)從句一般由關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)

      1、關(guān)系代詞:who, whom, whose, which, that, as

      2、關(guān)系副詞:when, where, why

      關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞必須位于從句之首,主句先行詞之后,起著連接先行詞和從句的作用, 同時(shí)在從句中又充當(dāng)句子成分。

      e.g.She is the girl who sings best of all.(關(guān)系代詞who在從句中作主語(yǔ))

      The comrade with whom I came knows French.(whom在從句中作介詞with的賓語(yǔ))

      3、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法:1)當(dāng)先行詞為人時(shí)用who 作主語(yǔ),whom作賓語(yǔ);2)當(dāng)先行詞為物或整個(gè)句子時(shí)用which ,可作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ);3)先行詞為人、物時(shí)用that ,可作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ);4)whose用作定語(yǔ),可指人或物;5)關(guān)系副詞when(指時(shí)間,在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),where(指地點(diǎn),在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)),why(指原因,在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ))。

      (二)限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句

      1、限制性定語(yǔ)從句:從句與主句關(guān)系密切,去掉從句,主句意義不完整,甚至不合邏輯。

      e.g.I was the only person in our office who was invited.(去掉定語(yǔ)從句,意思就不完整)

      2、非限制性定語(yǔ)從句:從句對(duì)先行詞關(guān)系不密切,去掉定從句,意思仍然完整。形式上用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi),不能that用引導(dǎo)。

      e.g.Toms father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.(who引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,整個(gè)句子可分成兩句來(lái)翻譯)

      (三)使用定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)特別注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題

      1、that與which的區(qū)別。

      1)用that而不用 which的情況:①先行詞為不定代詞all, anything, nothing, …;②先行詞有最高級(jí)修飾,有序數(shù)詞修飾;③先行詞有only, very, any等詞修飾;④先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。

      e.g.There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it.沒(méi)有什么能阻止他不干那件事。

      The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.在桂林他們所參觀的第一個(gè)地方是象鼻山。

      This is the best film that I have ever seen.這部電影是我看過(guò)的最好的一部。

      Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows.史密斯先生是他認(rèn)識(shí)的唯一的外國(guó)人。

      2)用which而不用 that的情況:①引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句;②代表整個(gè)主句的意思;③介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞。

      e.g.He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry.他數(shù)學(xué)考試沒(méi)有及格,這使他的父親很生氣。

      This is the room in which my father lived last year.這是父親去年居住過(guò)的房子。

      3)as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的用法

      ①as引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句通常用于the same … as, such … as結(jié)構(gòu)中。

      e.g.I want the same shirt as my friends.我要一件跟我朋友一樣的襯衫。

      Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.我們車(chē)間使用的這種機(jī)器是中國(guó)制造的。

     、赼s引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句既可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后,用來(lái)修飾整個(gè)句子。通常用下列句型:as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。

      e.g.As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination.正如我所預(yù)料的那樣,他在這次期中考試中又獲得了第一名。

      3)as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)與which的區(qū)別

     、佼(dāng)主句和從句語(yǔ)義一致時(shí),用as;反之,用which來(lái)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。

      e.g.He made a long speech, as we expected.

      He made a long speech, which was unexpected.

      ②當(dāng)非限制定語(yǔ)從句為否定時(shí),常用which引導(dǎo)。

      e.g.Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesnt like at all.

      2.關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單數(shù)還是用復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)由先行詞決定。

      e.g.The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently.住在樓下的那個(gè)人英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得很流利。

      The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.

      3.定語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)不直接緊靠先行詞,中間由一個(gè)定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)隔開(kāi)。

      e.g.There is an expression in his eyes that I cant understand.

      4.引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系副詞有時(shí)可以用"介詞 + which"來(lái)代替。

      e.g.October 1, 1949 was the day on which ( = when ) the Peoples Republic of China was founded.

      5.當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是帶介詞或副詞的固定短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí),短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的各個(gè)固定部分不要拆開(kāi)。

      e.g.The sick man whom she is looking after is her father.

      6.介詞在關(guān)系代詞前,只能用which和whom,且不能省略;介詞在句尾,關(guān)系代詞可有which, that, whom, 口語(yǔ)中也可用who,且可省略。

      e.g.The man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about has come to school.

      知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)10:

      一.定語(yǔ)從句的概念

      在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞,引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞,定語(yǔ)從句一般放在先行詞的后面。

      二.引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞

      引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞,常見(jiàn)的關(guān)系代詞包括that, which, who(賓格whom,所有格whose)等,關(guān)系副詞包括where, when, why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語(yǔ)從句之間起連接作用,同時(shí)又作定語(yǔ)從句的重要成分。

      三.定語(yǔ)從句的分類(lèi)

      根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的關(guān)系,定語(yǔ)從句可分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句及非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。限制性定語(yǔ)從句緊跟先行詞,主句與從句不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi),從句不可省去。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與主句之間有逗號(hào)分開(kāi),起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。

      四、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

      1、that 指人或物在從句中作主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)

      which指物在從句中作主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)(作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略)

      who 指人在從句中作主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)

      whom 指人在從句中作賓語(yǔ)

      whose 指人或物在從句中作定語(yǔ)

      as 指人或物在從句中作主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)

      but 指人或物在從句中作主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)

      注意:指物時(shí),whose+名詞=the+名詞+of which或 of which+the+名詞

      2、as 的用法

      (1)常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu):such…as; so…as;the same…as; as…as

      注意:the same…as 表示同一類(lèi),不同一個(gè) the same…that 表示同一個(gè)

      (2)as與which的區(qū)別

      a、位置不同:as可放在主句后,主句前或主句中間;which只能放在主句后。

      b、as起連接作用,表達(dá)說(shuō)話人的觀點(diǎn)、看法,并指出主句內(nèi)容的根據(jù)或出處,意為“正如,正像”。 Which相當(dāng)于并列句,可以用and this來(lái)代替,意為“這一點(diǎn),這件事’”。

      注意:as常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu):as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above,as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用which代替as。

      c、在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),which既可作系動(dòng)詞be的主語(yǔ)也可作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ),而as只可作系動(dòng)詞be的主語(yǔ)。

      3、but用作關(guān)系代詞,相當(dāng)于who/that…not

      例:In China there is no one but knows Lei Feng.

      五,只能用that不用which情況

      1、先行詞為 all , much, everything, nothing , something ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代詞時(shí)

      2、先行詞被only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right等修飾時(shí).

      3、當(dāng)先行詞是最高級(jí)或被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。

      4、當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。

      5、當(dāng)先行詞是數(shù)詞時(shí).

      6、當(dāng)先行詞既指人又指物時(shí)。

      7、如有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用which,另一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞則宜用 that。

      8、主句是There be結(jié)構(gòu),修飾其主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句宜用that 作關(guān)系代詞。

      9、被修飾成分為表語(yǔ),或者關(guān)系代詞本身是定語(yǔ)從句的表語(yǔ)時(shí),該關(guān)系代詞宜用that。

      10、先行詞為what,關(guān)系代詞用that。

      11、有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù)而使用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。

      六,只能用which不能用that的情況

      1、 當(dāng)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞之前時(shí)。

      2、 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中。

      3、 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞指整個(gè)主句的概念時(shí)。

      知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)11:

      有關(guān)定語(yǔ)從句的概念

      (1)定語(yǔ)從句:就是在復(fù)合句里充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)的從句,它通常緊靠在所修飾的名詞或代詞后面。

      (2)先行詞:就是被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞或代詞。

      (3)關(guān)系詞:引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞who, whom, whose, which和that等;關(guān)系副詞有when, where, why等。關(guān)系詞不僅起連接作用,而且還代表先行詞并在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)任某一句子成分,關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等,關(guān)系副詞作狀語(yǔ)。如:

      This is the book that my father bought me yesterday.這就是我父親昨天幫我買(mǎi)的那本書(shū)。

      說(shuō)明:句中修飾thebook的thatmy father bought me yesterday就是定語(yǔ)從句;被定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的the book這是先行詞;代表the book的關(guān)系代詞that在定語(yǔ)從句中作bought的直接賓語(yǔ)。

      The time when he arrives is not known.他到達(dá)的時(shí)間還不知道。

      說(shuō)明:句中whenhe arrives是定語(yǔ)從句,被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的the time是先行詞,關(guān)系副詞when作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

      關(guān)系代詞的一般用法

      先行詞是人,在從句中作主語(yǔ)用who,作賓語(yǔ)用whom或who,作定語(yǔ)用whose;先行詞是物,在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)都用which,作定語(yǔ)用of which或whose均可。在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中which, who, whom都可用that代替。關(guān)系代詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)常被省略。

      This is the man who helped me yesterday.這就是昨天幫助我的那個(gè)人。(作主語(yǔ))

      The teacher (who/whom/that) you want to see is coming.你要見(jiàn)的老師來(lái)了。(作see的賓語(yǔ),可以省略)

      I met a boy whose father was a astronaut.我認(rèn)識(shí)一位男孩,他的父親是宇航員。(作定語(yǔ))

      Here is the coat which/that will be made to you.這是一件做給你的衣服。(作主語(yǔ))

      This is the factory (which/that) we visited last year.這就是我們?nèi)ツ陞⒂^的那家工廠。(作visited的賓語(yǔ),可以省略)

      He has a book whose cover (=the cover of which) is verybeautiful.他有一本封面非常漂亮的書(shū)。

      關(guān)系副詞的一般用法

      關(guān)系副詞有when,where, why,在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ),分別表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和原因。when的先行詞通常是time, day, season, age, occasion等時(shí)間名詞;where的先行詞通常是place,city, town, village, house, case, situation, scenes等地點(diǎn)或情形名詞;why的先行詞只能是reason。關(guān)系副詞when和where有時(shí)可用“介詞+which”代替,why可用forwhich代替。如:

      There are occasions when (=on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。

      Beijing is the place where (=in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。

      Is this the reason why (=for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?

      注意:先行詞雖然是時(shí)間或地點(diǎn),但若在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí),要用關(guān)系代詞。

      (1)The factory where his father worked has closed.他父親曾工作的那家工廠關(guān)閉了。(作狀語(yǔ))

      比較:Thefactory which/that was built in 1978 has closed.1978年建的那家工廠關(guān)閉了。(作主語(yǔ))

      (2) I’ll never forget the days when we lived together.我永遠(yuǎn)也忘不了我們一起生活的那些日子。(作狀語(yǔ))

      比較:I’llnever forget the days (that) we spent in Australia.我永遠(yuǎn)也忘不了我們?cè)诎拇罄麃喍冗^(guò)的那些日子。(作及物動(dòng)詞spent的賓語(yǔ))

      (3) The reason (why) she was ill was that she had eaten badmeat.她生病的原因是她吃了變質(zhì)的肉。(作狀語(yǔ),用關(guān)系副詞)

      比較:Thereason (that) he gave for his absence was obviously fabricated.他所說(shuō)的缺席理由顯然是編造的。(作gave的賓語(yǔ),用關(guān)系代詞)

      習(xí)慣上要用that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

      (1)當(dāng)先行詞是指物的all, little, few, much, any, anything, everything, nothing,none, the one時(shí),或先行詞被all, little, few, much, any, every, no等修飾時(shí)。

      All that can be done has been done.能做的都已經(jīng)做了。

      He will tell you everything that he heard about it.他將告訴你他所聽(tīng)到的關(guān)于這件事的一切。

      There is little work that is fit for you.沒(méi)什么工作適合你做。

      I have eaten all the food that is left.我把剩下的所有食物都吃了。

      (2)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或最高級(jí)形容詞時(shí),或者先行詞被序數(shù)詞(包括last, next)、最高級(jí)形容詞及the only, the very 等修飾時(shí)。

      This is the first film that I have seen since I came here.這是我到這里后所看的第一場(chǎng)電影。

      This is the best that has been used against pollution.這是用來(lái)防止污染的最好辦法。

      This is the very book that I am looking for.這正是我一直在尋找的那本書(shū)。

      (3)先行詞包括人和物時(shí)

      They often talk about the people and the things that they areinterested in.他們常常談?wù)撃切┧麄兏信d趣的人和事。

      (4)當(dāng)主句是以who或which開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句時(shí),為了避免重復(fù),多用that引導(dǎo)。如:

      Which is the house that caught fire last night? 昨晚失火的是那座房子?

      Who is the lady that is playing the piano? 在彈鋼琴的那位小姐是誰(shuí)?

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