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高一英語(yǔ)Unit3-4知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)
☆重點(diǎn)句型☆
1. Instead of spending your vacation on a bus, ... you may want to try hiking. Instead和instead 0f的用法
2. Say "Hi" / "Hello" / "Thanks" to sb. (for me) 問(wèn)候的句型
3. Is anybody seeing you off? 進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)
4. She struggled and struggled, and could not get on her feet. (= keep struggling)
5. You should not go rafting unless you know... unless引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，相當(dāng)于if... not
6. By staying at..., tourists can help the villagers make money so that they can take care of the fiver and the birds. 目的狀語(yǔ)從句
7. She was so surprised that she couldn't move. 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句
8. Tree after tree went down, cut down by water. 過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)
9. The next moment, the first wave swept her down, swallowing the garden. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)
10. However, before she could think twice, the water was upon her. It didn't take long before the building was destroyed. before的用法
☆重點(diǎn)詞匯☆
1. means n. 方法；途徑
2. experience n. 經(jīng)驗(yàn)
3. equipment n. 設(shè)備
4. successful adj. 成功的
5. protect v. 保護(hù)
6. handle v. 處理
7. consider v. 考慮
8. benefit n. 利益
9. particular adj. 特別的
10. effect n. 效果
11. combine v. 合并
12. unforgettable adj. 不會(huì)忘記的
13. advance v. 前進(jìn)
14. seize v. 抓住
15. struggle v. 奮斗
16. fear v. & n. 害怕
17. strike v. 敲打
18. destroy v. 毀掉
19. publish v. 出版
20. naughty adj. 調(diào)皮的
☆重點(diǎn)短語(yǔ)☆
1. get away from 逃離
2. watch / look out 注意，當(dāng)心
3. go for a hike / go hiking 去徒步旅游
4. as with 正如……一樣
5. see off 為某人送行
6. on the other hand 在另一方面
7. take care of 照顧
8. get close / near to 接近，湊近
9. tree after tree 一棵又一棵的樹(shù)
10. as wall as 也，和……一樣(好)
11. protect…from 保護(hù)……不受……的傷害
12. be surprised at 因……而吃驚
13. be caught / trapped / struck in 被……困住
14. take place 發(fā)生
15. go through 通過(guò)，經(jīng)過(guò)；經(jīng)歷(痛苦的事)
16. be upon 臨近，逼近
17. hold on to 緊緊抓住
18. refer to 提到，說(shuō)到；查詢(信息)
19. look into 注視……的內(nèi)部；檢查，調(diào)查
20. for fear of (doing) sth. 惟恐……
☆短語(yǔ)闖關(guān)☆
下列短語(yǔ)都是這兩個(gè)單元學(xué)過(guò)的重要短語(yǔ)，請(qǐng)你根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)在橫線上填入一個(gè)正確的詞，每個(gè)詞4分，80分才能過(guò)關(guān)，你一定能過(guò)關(guān)．做好了闖關(guān)的準(zhǔn)備嗎?那么我們就開(kāi)始吧?
l. get ____ from 逃離 away
2. watch ____ 注意，當(dāng)心 out
3. protect sb / sth ____ 保護(hù)／保衛(wèi)某人(某事物) from
4. see sb ____ 到火車站、飛機(jī)場(chǎng)等某處為某人送行 off
5. on the other ____ 另一方面 hand
6. as ____ as也，還，而且 well
7. ____ place發(fā)生，產(chǎn)生 take
8. ____ fire失火 on
9. pull sb ____ 把……往上拽 up
10. get ____ one's feet站立起來(lái)；站起身來(lái) on
11. go ____ 通過(guò)，經(jīng)受。仔細(xì)檢查 through
12. ____ holiday在度假 on
13. travel ____ 旅行社代理人 agent
14. be ____ 逼近，臨近 upon
15. ____ exercise 進(jìn)行體育鍛煉 take
16. ____ "Hi" to sb for / from sb 代某人向某人問(wèn)候 say
17. come ____ with提出 up
18. go ____ a hike 去遠(yuǎn)足 for
19. be caught ____ 受困于……，陷于…… in
20. ____ a second 馬上，一會(huì)兒 in
21. look ____ 往……里面看，調(diào)查 into
22. refer ____ 提到．涉及；參考 to
23. hold ____ 抓住，握住 onto
24. sweep ____ 沖走，刮走 away
25. sweep ____ 沖倒，吹倒 down
☆交際用語(yǔ)☆
1. Where would you prefer going...?
2. How would you like to go to...?
3. Have a nice / pleasant trip !
4. Well, I must be off.
5. It's all right．
6. I'm afraid.
7. Come on !
8. It scares me.
9. Don't worry.
10. First..., next..., then..., finally...
☆單詞聚焦☆
1. advance的用法
▲構(gòu)詞：advanced adj. 高等的．先進(jìn)的，高深的
▲搭配：
① in advance 在前頭，預(yù)先，事先
�、� in advance of 在……前面；比……進(jìn)步；超過(guò)
�、� on the advance (物價(jià))在上漲
【考例】It is said that Miss White had some difficulty in studying the ____ maths.
A. improved B. developed C. advanced D. increased
[考查目標(biāo)] 本題考查形容詞advanced與近義詞的區(qū)別。
[答案與解析]C “高等數(shù)學(xué)”的英譯是advanced maths，advanced意思是“先進(jìn)的。高級(jí)的”。
2. before 的特殊用法
(1) He had run out of the room before I could stop him.我還沒(méi)來(lái)得及攔住他，他就跑出了屋子。
(2) Three weeks went by before We knew it. 三周過(guò)去了，我們才意識(shí)到。(或：時(shí)間不知不覺(jué)已過(guò)三周了。)
(3) It wasn't / didn't take long before he returned.他沒(méi)過(guò)多久就回來(lái)了。
It won't be long before we graduate. 不要過(guò)多久我們就要畢業(yè)了。
3. chance的用法
▲搭配：
�、� by any chance 萬(wàn)一，碰巧，或許
② by chance 偶然，意外地
③ take a / one's chance 冒一冒險(xiǎn)，碰碰運(yùn)氣，利用一下機(jī)會(huì)
【考例6】 (2005南京模擬)Most of the ___are in seasonal work, mainly connected with tourism and agriculture.
A. work B. luck C. chances D. services
[考查目標(biāo)] chance的詞義。
[答案與解析] C chance在本句的詞義是“機(jī)會(huì)”。
4. consider v.
(1) 考慮
A) consider + n. / doing
I consider going abroad.
B) consider + 疑問(wèn)詞 + to do
You have to consider what to do next.
(2) 認(rèn)為
A) consider + n. (+as / to be) + n. / adj.
I consider Mary as / to be my best friend.
They considered Paris the brain and heart of the country.
B) consider + n. + to have done
I consider him to have acted disgracefully.
除了consider…as…表認(rèn)為外，還有regard…as
…，look on…as…，take…as…，think of…as…
5. cost的用法
▲ 構(gòu)詞：costly adj. 昂貴的，貴重的
▲ 搭配：
�、� cost sb. sth. 花費(fèi)某人(多少錢)；讓某人付出(代價(jià))／犧牲……
�、� at all costs 不惜任何代價(jià)．無(wú)論如何
③ at any cost 不惜任何代價(jià)，無(wú)論如何
④ at cost (price) 按成本價(jià)格，按原價(jià)
⑤ at the cost of 以……為代價(jià)，用……換來(lái)的；喪失；犧牲
【考例】They wondered how much this kind of car would ____ them.
A. pay B. spend C. cost D. waste
[考查目標(biāo)] 本題考查cost和它的幾個(gè)近義詞的區(qū)別。
[答案與解析] C cost的意思是“耗費(fèi)”，主語(yǔ)是指物的
名詞．而pay和spend等的主語(yǔ)是指人的名詞。
6. effect n. 效果；作用
have an effect on sth.
His words had a great pushing effect on his students.
(1) be of no effect 無(wú)效
(2) come into effect 開(kāi)始生效；開(kāi)始實(shí)行
[比較] affect vt. 影響 The climate affected the amount of the rainfall.
7. experience的用法
▲構(gòu)詞: experienced adj. 有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的，熟練的
▲搭配:
�、� by experience 憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)；從經(jīng)驗(yàn)中
�、� from experience 憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)；從經(jīng)驗(yàn)中
③ gain experience in… 獲得……經(jīng)驗(yàn)
�、� be experienced in… 某方面有經(jīng)驗(yàn)
▲友情提示: experience這個(gè)詞作為可數(shù)名詞用時(shí)，解釋為“經(jīng)歷”，作為不可數(shù)名詞用時(shí)解釋為“經(jīng)驗(yàn)”。
【考例】 (2005山西模擬) ____teaches that he was right. Good friendship is just not easily formed.
A. Knowledge B. Teachers C. Experience D. Parents
[考查目標(biāo)] experience的意思。
[答案與解析] C experience常為不可數(shù)名詞，意思是“經(jīng)驗(yàn)”。
8. fear n. & vt.
(1) n. 恐懼 (多作不可數(shù)名詞)
His face was growing pale with fear.
憂慮；擔(dān)心的事(可數(shù))
There is no reason for your fears.
for fear of 由于怕……，以防
He left an hour earlier for fear of missing his train.
for fear (that) 惟恐；怕的是；以防
She worried for fear that the child would be hurt.
in fear of 害怕；擔(dān)心
The thief was in fear of the police.
(2) v. 恐懼；害怕，接 n. / pron.
Cats fear big dogs.
恐懼；害怕，接to do
Don't fear to tell the truth.
恐怕；擔(dān)心，接從句
She feared that she might not find him in his room.
▲構(gòu)詞：fearful adj. 可怕的，嚴(yán)重的；懼怕的，膽怯的；擔(dān)心的，憂慮的 fearless adj. 不怕的，大膽的，勇敢的，無(wú)畏的
▲搭配：
① be in fear (of) (為……而)提心吊膽
�、� for fear of 因?yàn)榕�；以免，怕的�?/p>
�、� for fear that-clause 生怕；為了防止(某事發(fā)生)
④ have a fear that-clause 擔(dān)心／怕(發(fā)生某事)
�、� with fear 嚇得，怕得
�、� fear (vi.) for... 擔(dān)心／憂慮……
【考例】(2004江蘇)He got to the station early, ____ missing his train.
A. in case of B. instead of
C. for fear of D. in search
[考查目標(biāo)] fear構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)的用法和意思。
[答案與解析]C for fear of 常在句中作狀語(yǔ)，意思是 “怕的是……。擔(dān)心……”。
9. fun n. 高興；樂(lè)趣；有趣的人或事
(1) for fun 為了高興；為著好玩
I only did it for fun.
(2) make fun of 開(kāi)……的玩笑；取笑
It is wrong to make fun of a cripple.
[比較]
(1) laugh at 笑(某人)；嘲笑
It's unkind to laugh at a person who is in trouble.
(2) play a joke on 開(kāi)(某人的)玩笑
10. means n. 手段；辦法
(1) by means of 用……；依靠……
The water may be carried by means of a pipe.
(2) by all means 一定；務(wù)必；(表示同意)當(dāng)然可以，沒(méi)問(wèn)題：務(wù)必，無(wú)論如何，千方百計(jì)地
Try by all / every means to persuade him to come.
(3) by no means 完全不是；一點(diǎn)也不；決不
This is by no means the first time you have been late.
還有： by this means 用這種方法； by any means 用一切可能的方法或手段
【考例】(MET 1991)Students sometimes support them- selves by ____ of evening job.
A. ways B. offers C. means D．helps
[考查目標(biāo)] by means of 短語(yǔ)的意思。
[答案與解析] C by means of 的意思是“通過(guò)某種手段”。
11. normal adj. 正常的；正規(guī)的
the normal temperature, normal behavior
(1) regular 規(guī)則的；有規(guī)律的
keep regular hours 生活有規(guī)律；按時(shí)作息
(2) common普通的；常見(jiàn)的
Tom is a common name in Britain. 共有的；共同的
have a common interest 有著共同愛(ài)好
(3) usual 慣常的；慣例的
It's usual with him to go to the office on foot.
(4) ordinary 平凡的；普通的 in ordinary dress
12. once的用法
▲ 搭配：
�、� all at once 突然；同時(shí)
�、� at once 立刻，馬上；同時(shí)
③ (every) once in a while 偶爾，有時(shí)，間或
�、� for this once (= for once，just for once) 就這一次； 破例一回
�、� more than once 不止一次，多次
�、� not once 一次也不
⑦ once again / more再一次
�、鄌nce and again一再，再三
⑨ once or twice 一兩次；有時(shí)，偶爾
�、� once too often又(多了)一次
once upon a time從前
【考例】(2004上海) ____ we have learned something, additional learning increases the length of time we will remember it.
A. Before B. Once C. Until D. Unless
[考查目標(biāo)] 連詞once的用法和詞義。
[答案與解析] B once在作連詞使用時(shí)意思是“一旦”。
13. prefer v. 寧愿；更喜歡
(1) prefer + n. / pron.
The boy preferred a detective story.
(2) prefer + v. -ing
Do you prefer living abroad?
(3) prefer + to do
She prefers to live among the working people.
(4) prefer sb. to do sth.
She preferred him to stay at home.
(5) prefer + n. / pron. / doing + to + n. / pron. / doing 喜歡……而不喜歡 I prefer the town to the country. / While he was in the office he preferred doing something to doing nothing.
(6) prefer to do...rather than do = would rather do ... than do... 寧愿……而不愿 I prefer to walk there rather than go by bus.
(7) prefer + 從句(謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用should do，should可省略) She preferred that he should do it in the kitchen.
14. protect的用法
▲ 構(gòu)詞：protection n. 保護(hù)(者/物)，防御
▲ 搭配：protect sb from / against 防止……遭受……；使……免于，保護(hù)……使不受
【考例】 (MET 1992) Clarke was greatly admired at the club for the successful ____.
A. self-satisfaction B. self-protection
C. self-respect D. self-service
[考查目標(biāo)] protect及其派生詞的詞義。
[答案與解析]B self-protection是名詞，意思是“自我保護(hù)”。
15. separate的用法
▲ 構(gòu)詞：separation n. [U]分開(kāi)，分離
▲ 搭配：
�、� separate A from B 把A和B分開(kāi)
�、� A is separated from B by… A和B為……所分開(kāi)／阻隔
③ separate sth (up) into… 把……分成(幾分)
▲辨析：separate; divide; part 都含“分開(kāi)”的意思。
separate 指“把原來(lái)在一起的人或物分開(kāi)”。例如: Separate those two boys who are fighting, will you? (你)把那兩個(gè)打架的孩子拉開(kāi)，好嗎?
divide 指“施加外力或自然地把某人或某物由整體分成若干部分”。
part指“把密切相關(guān)的人或物分開(kāi)”，還有“分手”之意。
【考例】(NMET 2001)As we joined the big crowd I got ____ from my friends.
A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed
[考查目標(biāo)] 動(dòng)詞separate的詞義。
[答案與解析] A separated和get搭配有被動(dòng)意義，表
示“被隔開(kāi)；被分隔”。
[牛刀小試1]
用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空：
(advance, means, cost, protect, fear, separate)
1. The teacher improved the students' English by ____ of dictation and recitation. (means)
2. All the goods ___me almost half a million dollars. (cost)
3. We must ____ the wild animals from the hunting. (protect)
4. Every baby should be ____ after he is horn. (separated)
5. None of them ____ death when the enemy came into the village. (feared)
6. There are too many people, so you should have bought a ticket in ____. (advance)
☆詞語(yǔ)比較☆
1. wear, put on, have on, dress, be in, try on
(1) wear v. 穿著；戴；蓄須(發(fā))；磨損；(臉容)呈現(xiàn)，顯出 He is wearing an overcoat today.
* wear out (把) 穿破；(把) 用壞；(使) 疲乏；(使) 耗盡I have worn out my shoes. / My patience wore (was worn) out.
(2) put on 穿上；戴上(側(cè)重穿著的動(dòng)作)
Put on your sweater, otherwise you will feel cold.
(3) dress vt. 給……穿衣服 n. 衣服；連衣裙
dress sb. (in sth.) 或 be dressed (in sth.) 注意：穿的衣服接在in之后。Mother dressed her baby and then they went downstairs.
(4) have on 表示穿著的狀態(tài)，注意不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)。
At the Spring Festival, all children have on new clothes.
(5) be in表示穿著的狀態(tài) There was a girl in red.
(6) try on 試穿 Mother was trying on a new dress.
2. strike, hit, beat
(1) hit vt.
�、� 打；敲；擊；擊中；射中 He hit a ball over the fence. / The stone hit him on the head.
�、� 使……受到打擊 The bad news hit every one hard.
(2) beat vt. & vi.
�、� 連續(xù)有節(jié)奏地打；敲
The rain heat against the window.
�、� (心)跳動(dòng) His heart had stopped beating.
③ (鳥(niǎo)翼) 撲動(dòng)
The bird beat its wings rapidly as it flew on.
④ 打��；打贏；取勝
Our champion can beat all runners in the country.
(3) strike vt. & vi.
�、� 打；敲；擊；砍；打中；擊中
He struck me with his fist.
The house was struck by lightning.
�、� 發(fā)起進(jìn)攻；襲擊
He moved away as the animal struck.
�、� 撞；觸(礁)
His head struck the table as he fell.
�、� 擦(火柴)
I struck a match and held it to his cigarette.
�、� (某種想法) 忽然出現(xiàn)；忽然想起，相當(dāng)于occur to。
A happy thought struck her.
�、� 給人深刻印象(常用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))
I was struck by her beauty.
�、� 罷工 They are striking for higher pay.
⑧ (鐘)敲(響) We waited for the clock to strike six.
3. complete, finish
complete 可作形容詞，表示“徹底的；全面的”。
complete與finish表示“完成”時(shí)的區(qū)別。
(1) complete 作及物動(dòng)詞，只接 n. 或 pron.，常用于完成預(yù)定的任務(wù)，工程建設(shè)等The railway is not completed yet.
(2) finish vi. / vt. 指完成，結(jié)束一件事情；可接 n. 或doing。如：finish one's homework / middle school / writing the book
☆短語(yǔ)歸納☆
1. cut down
(1) 砍倒 If you cut down all the trees you will rain the land.
(2) 減少；削減 I have decided to cut down my smoking.
2.含get的短語(yǔ)
�、� get back 回來(lái)，恢復(fù)，送回
② get off下來(lái)，動(dòng)身，起飛 ③ get up 起床，站起來(lái)
�、� get on 上(車)
⑤ get on / along with 與某人相處．某事的進(jìn)展
�、� get together 聚首，碰頭 ⑦ get away from 逃離
�、� get on one's feet 站起來(lái) ⑨ get down 下來(lái)
�、� get on well with 與……相處融洽
get married 結(jié)婚 ? get to 到達(dá)
get through 通過(guò)，接通
get down to 開(kāi)始著手做某事
get across (使)通過(guò) ? get(a)round 傳開(kāi)，說(shuō)服
get in 進(jìn)入。收獲 ? get out 出去，逃脫
[例句]How are you getting along with your business? 生意進(jìn)展如何? / If you take Mary out for a drive you must promise to get her back for her music lesson. 如果你帶瑪麗去兜風(fēng)的話，你必須答應(yīng)帶她回來(lái)上音樂(lè)課。/ I can't get my boots off, for they are too tight. 我脫不掉靴子，它太緊了。/ We all try to get together at least once a year at Christmas time. 在圣誕期間我們盡量一年至少聚會(huì)一次。/ When one has business on hand it is hard to get away from home. 如果一個(gè)人手頭有事，離開(kāi)家很難。
【考例】(2004遼寧) The final examination is coming up soon. It's time for us to ____ our studies．
A. get down to B. get out C. get back for D. get over
[考查目標(biāo)] 此題主要考查get短語(yǔ)。
[答案與解析]A get down to 意為“開(kāi)始著手做某事”；get out 意為“離開(kāi)，擺脫”；get back for 意為“回去拿”；get over意為“克服，渡過(guò)”。本句話意思是：期末考試就要到了，我們?cè)撻_(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)了。
【考例】(NMET 1993)Readers can ____ quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word.
A. get over B. get in C. get along D. get through
[考查目標(biāo)]此題主要考查get短語(yǔ)。
[答案與解析]C get over 意為“痊愈，克服”；get in 意為“插話”；get along 意為“進(jìn)展．繼續(xù)”；gel through 意為“接通。辦完”。本句話意思是：讀者不必準(zhǔn)確知道每個(gè)詞的意思就能繼續(xù)下去。
3. get away (from)
(1) 擺脫 Ways must be found to get away from poverty.
(2)走開(kāi)；離開(kāi) She didn't get away until nine last night.
(3)逃走，使離開(kāi)The bank robbers used a stolen car to get away.
(4)拿走 Get all thee party dishes away!
4. get close to
(1) close adj. 靠近；接近
The church is close to the shops.
親密；密切
Are you a close friend of theirs?
(2) close adv. 靠近；接近
He was standing close to the door.
(3) close v. 關(guān)上；關(guān)閉(不開(kāi)發(fā))；結(jié)束
She closed her eyes. / Her eyes closed. (閉上)
(4 ) closely adv. 緊密地；仔細(xì)地；密切地
He got closely in touch with the magazines of today.
The little baby was closely looked after by her.
[比較]
(1) close 與 closely 作副詞時(shí)，close含具體之意，closely 含抽象之意。
(2) 類似的詞組有 high (高) -- highly (高度地)，deep (深深地) -- deeply (深入地)，wide (很開(kāi)，寬) -- widely (廣 泛地)，low (低的)-- lowly (低賤的) (作形容詞)
5. hand in 交上去(給老師或上級(jí))；交來(lái)(hand v.)
Each student has to hand in a composition once a week.
[比較]
(1) hand down 傳下來(lái)；傳給 Our father handed down these customs to us.
(2) hand on…to…傳給，傳遞They will hand the photograph to those who have not seen it.
(3) hand out 發(fā)給大家；散發(fā) The teacher handed out the books at the beginning of the lesson．
6. instead of 代替……
(1) instead of + n. / pron.
Give me the red one instead 0f the green one.
(2) instead of + doing
We walked down the stairs instead of taking the elevator.
(3) instead of + 介詞短語(yǔ)
He studies in the evening instead of during the day.
[比較]
(1) instead adv. 作為替代 (……而)，代替 If Harry is not well enough to go with you, take me instead.
(2) rather than 而不是，與其……寧愿 He ran rather than walked.
(3) in place of 代替，……而不用The Chinese use chopsticks in place of knives and forks.
7. 含take的短語(yǔ)
① take a picture 照相，拍照
② take a taxi / bus, etc. 打的(坐公交車等)
�、� take away 拿走，奪取，使離去
�、� take care of 小心，照料，保管
�、� take off 脫，去掉，取消，起飛
�、� take out 拿出，帶……出去
⑦ take one's place 就坐，坐某人的座位，代替某人的位置
�、� take place 發(fā)生，產(chǎn)生
�、� take exercise 做運(yùn)動(dòng)
⑩ take a seat 坐下
take turns 輪流
take an active part in 積極參加
take a message 捎口信
take on 從事，呈現(xiàn)
take the place of 取代，代替
take apart 拆開(kāi)
take down 拿下，記下
take...for... 誤認(rèn)為……
take in 吸收，接納
take up 拿起．從事．占據(jù)
[例句] Father was convinced that Peter was unhappy at boarding school, and made arrangements to take him away. 父親確信彼得在寄宿學(xué)校不開(kāi)心，決定把他帶走。/ Will you lake care of buying the wine for tonight's party? 你負(fù)責(zé)為今晚的晚會(huì)買酒水好嗎? / The boys got into the car and took off for the drug store. 男孩們進(jìn)到車?yán)�，開(kāi)車去了藥店。/ He took my place in the queue so that I could go and get something to eat. 他替我排好了隊(duì)，以便我能夠回
去弄點(diǎn)兒吃的。
8. used to
(1) used to do sth. 過(guò)去常常……(現(xiàn)在已不如此)
We used to grow beautiful roses.
注意：否定句和疑問(wèn)句有兩種
You usedn’t to make that mistake.
She didn't use(d) to do it, did she?
You used to smoke a pipe, didn't you? / use(d) n't you?
(2) be / get / become used to + n. / doing 習(xí)慣于
I have always been used to hard work.
He got used to living in the country.
(3) be used to do 被用來(lái)做……
This knife is used to cut bread.
表示“過(guò)去常�！睍r(shí)，used to與would區(qū)別：
(1) would 只強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去常�！�，used to 說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在不是如此。
The old woman would sit there for hours doing nothing.
(2) would 只接行為動(dòng)詞，used to 可接行為動(dòng)詞和表狀態(tài)的詞。如：be, like, know, have。There used to be a temple at the foot of the mountain.
9. watch out 當(dāng)心；注意
You'll be cheated if you don't watch out.
(1) watch out for = look out for 提防；當(dāng)心
You must always watch out for the traffic here!
(2) watch over 照看；看守；負(fù)責(zé)
The mother bird is watching over her young.
10. 含“動(dòng)詞 + out”短語(yǔ)
�、� come out 出來(lái)，出版，傳出
② go out 出去，熄滅，不時(shí)興
�、� look out 當(dāng)心，注意
�、� take out 拿出，取出，帶……出去
�、� rush out 沖出去，匆忙大量生產(chǎn)
⑥ try out 嘗試，試驗(yàn)
�、� watch out 小心
⑧ wear out 穿破，用壞，(使)疲乏，消磨
�、� find out 找出，查出
⑩ make out 填寫(xiě)，完成．設(shè)法應(yīng)付
get out 出去，逃離，泄露，公布
pick out 看出，選出
think out 想出
give out 發(fā)出，筋疲力盡
set out出發(fā)，陳述
[例句]Please go out and tell the children to make less noise. 請(qǐng)出去告訴孩子們不要吵鬧。/ These bicycles have been rushed out and not up to our usual standard. 這些自行車匆忙大量生產(chǎn)，沒(méi)有達(dá)到我們的正常標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。/ Watch out. The train is coming. 小心，火車來(lái)了。/ Your will wear out your patience in time, my friend. 朋友，最終我們會(huì)沒(méi)有耐心的。
【考例】(2005湖北) This picture was taken a long time ago. I wonder if you can ____ my father.
A. find out B. pick out
C. look out D. speak out
[考查目標(biāo)]此題主要考查out構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)意思區(qū)別。
[答案與解析]B pick out意為“挑選，辨別出”；find out意為“找出．發(fā)現(xiàn)”；look out意為“留神，注意”： speak out意為“大聲說(shuō)出”。
[牛刀小試2]
請(qǐng)根據(jù)句意，選用所給短語(yǔ)的適當(dāng)形式填空：
(get away，take up，take on，think out，get down to)
1. -- Shall we set off right now? -- Sorry. I'm too busy to ____ for the moment. (get away)
2. The final examination is coming: you really must ____ your studies. (get down)
3. The manager doesn't have much free time as his work ____ nearly all his spare time. (takes up)
4. We also shared a number of qualities which we fell were in our favor when we ____ the task. (took on)
5. He might have ___his idea about the art exhibition much better, if he had planned what he wanted to say. (thought out)
☆句型歸納☆
1. You shouldn't go rafting unless you know how to swim, and you should always wear a life jacket. 除非你會(huì)游泳，而且要一直穿著救生衣，否則就不應(yīng)該去做漂流運(yùn)動(dòng)。
該句中的unless引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句。例如：One can't learn a foreign language well unless he studies hard.
unless引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，一般可以與if...not...互換。還要注意unless引導(dǎo)的從句經(jīng)�？梢允÷�。
【考例】(200l北京春招)The men will have to wait all day ____ the doctor works faster.
A. if B. unless C. whether D. that
[考查目標(biāo)]狀語(yǔ)從句。
[答案與解析]B 句子意思是“如果醫(yī)生不快點(diǎn)工作，
這些人將不得不等一整天�！睉�(yīng)該選unless。
2. Eco-travel is a way to find out what can be done to help animals and plants as well as people. 生態(tài)游可以找到既幫助別人．又幫助動(dòng)植物的途徑。
該句中的as well as是連詞，連接兩個(gè)并列成分。例如: He can speak German as well as French.
常見(jiàn)的用法:
1. well是副詞，意思是“好，優(yōu)秀”，as well as是形容詞 同級(jí)比較結(jié)構(gòu)。
2. as well as是固定短語(yǔ)，意思是“和”，相當(dāng)于"not only … but also..."。
3. as well as連接兩個(gè)并列成分作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該與前面那個(gè)名詞或代詞的人稱或數(shù)保持一致。
4. as well as還可當(dāng)作復(fù)雜介詞用，意思是“除了……之外，還有”；相當(dāng)于"besides，apart from"。
5. as well，是副詞短語(yǔ)，意思是“也”，相當(dāng)于“too / also”常位于句尾，與too位置相當(dāng)。
6. may / might as well do sth 表示“還是……的好”。
【考例】(NMET 1994) John plays football ____, if not better than David.
A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as
[考查目標(biāo)] as well as連接比較狀語(yǔ)從句。
[答案與解析]B 該句中 if not better than相當(dāng)于插入語(yǔ)，起干擾作用，如果不予考慮，原句就變成了同級(jí)比較結(jié)構(gòu) "John plays football as well as David"。
3. Before she could move，she heard a loud noise. 她還沒(méi)有來(lái)得及動(dòng)彈，就聽(tīng)見(jiàn)很響的聲音。
However, before she could think twice, the water was upon her. 但還沒(méi)有回過(guò)身來(lái)，洪水便逼近了她。
該兩句中的before用作連詞，后接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。before用作連詞，接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，表示“在……之前”。但在不同的語(yǔ)境中，往往有比較靈活的譯法。例如: He knocked me down before he saw me. 他差一點(diǎn)把我撞倒，才看到我。
【考例】(2005廣東) The American Civil War lasted four years the North won in the end.
A. after B. before C. when D. then
[考查目標(biāo)] 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞選擇。
[答案與解析]B before 表示“直到……”。
4. Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep. 洪水想必深達(dá)三米，樹(shù)一棵接一棵地倒了，被洪水沖斷了。
該句中的must have been表示推測(cè)。例如：You look so tired. You must have stayed up last night.
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may，might，most．can，could常用來(lái)表示推測(cè)。may，might，must多用在肯定句中，can，could多用在否定句和疑問(wèn)句中。may，might，must，can，could后接動(dòng)詞原形表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的推測(cè)；may，might，must，can，could后接have done。表示對(duì)過(guò)去的推測(cè)。例如：
You may be a professor. / She must have met a fairy.
【考例】(2005遼寧)This cake is very sweet. You ____ a lot of sugar in it.
A. should put B. could have put
C. might put D. must have put
[考查目標(biāo)] 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示推測(cè)。
[答案與解析] D 前文說(shuō)蛋糕很甜，由此可知一定是糖
放多了。對(duì)于過(guò)去的動(dòng)作的推測(cè)應(yīng)使用have done的
結(jié)構(gòu)，所以應(yīng)在B、D之間做選擇，又因?yàn)閏ould have
done表示本可以做而沒(méi)有做，所以選擇D。
5. ... she heard a loud noise，which grew to a terrible roar. ……她聽(tīng)見(jiàn)了很響的聲音，接著就變成了可怕的隆隆轟鳴聲。
該句中的which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。例如：He bought some reference books, which were all about science. 他買了許多的參考資料．都是有關(guān)理科的。
which 作為關(guān)系代詞．既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。例如：The train which left for Beijing pulled in on time. 前往北京的火車按時(shí)進(jìn)站了。His dog, which was now very old, became ill and died.他的狗，現(xiàn)在老了，生病死了。
【考例】(2005浙江) Jim passed the driving test, ____ surprised everybody in the office.
A. which B. that C. this D. it
[考查目標(biāo)]非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
[答案與解析]A which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。指代
前面整個(gè)句子。that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
☆句型詮釋☆
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法(is / am / are + doing)
1. 表示現(xiàn)在(說(shuō)話的瞬間)正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 Look! The monkey is climbing the banana tree.
2. 表示當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的活動(dòng)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。(說(shuō)話時(shí)動(dòng)作不一定正在進(jìn)行。) We are preparing for the meeting to be held next Friday now.
3. 表示說(shuō)話人現(xiàn)在對(duì)主語(yǔ)的行為表示贊嘆、驚訝、厭惡等。(常與always, constantly, continually, all the time, forever 等副詞連用)，表反復(fù)的動(dòng)作。He is always think- ing of others. (表贊許) She is always asking the same question. (表厭惡) You are always changing your mind. (表抱怨)
4. 表示在最近計(jì)劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常用于go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, stay 等表移動(dòng)、方向的動(dòng)詞。He is starting the work in a few minutes. / He is leaving for Beijing tomorrow morning.
[注意]
1. 不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的詞有:
(1) 系動(dòng)詞: feel, sound, smell, taste, look, appear, seem, remain, prove 等。
(2) 表結(jié)果的感官動(dòng)詞: see, notice, hear 等。
(3) 非延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞，此動(dòng)作開(kāi)始即是結(jié)束：enter, accept, receive等。
(4) 表心理狀態(tài)，存在狀態(tài)，擁有的動(dòng)詞：love, like, hate, care, dislike, respect, prefer, know, understand, forget, remember, believe, want, wish, hope, mind, agree, belong to, depend on, own, have等。
2. 用進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊詞有系動(dòng)詞get, turn, grow, become, go, come, fall 等表由一種狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)入另一種狀態(tài)時(shí)，用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示漸近。Today, many rivers that were polluted are getting cleaner and cleaner. 當(dāng)今，許多過(guò)去遭污染的河流又變得越來(lái)越清澈了。
[比較]
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)的用法與一般將來(lái)時(shí)的區(qū)別：
(1) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表近期的，事先已經(jīng)計(jì)劃安排好的
-- How are you getting to the airport?
-- By taxi. Bob is coming with me to the airport.
(2) will do 和 shall do
① 表客觀將來(lái)。shall用于第一人稱，will用于第一、
二、三人稱。I will / shall finish middle school next month.
�、� 表有科學(xué)根據(jù)的預(yù)測(cè)。The weather report says it will rain tomorrow.
③ 表客觀必然。Man will make mistakes.
(3) be going to
�、� 表現(xiàn)在打算在近期或?qū)?lái)要做某事。I'm going to finish my homework tonight.
�、� 表根據(jù)已有跡象的預(yù)測(cè)。It's so dark outside, I think it's going to rain.
�、� be going to不與come, go連用，而用be coming, be going 形式。Mary is coming here this evening.
[注意]
表計(jì)劃、安排、規(guī)定要做的事，用“be + to do”。此外，表示按時(shí)刻表運(yùn)行的動(dòng)作常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)。The meeting is to be held at 9:00 a. m. / Our plane leaves at 6:00 a. m. .
[牛刀小試3]
1. ____ you call me to say you're not coming, I'll see you at the theatre. (2004 吉林)
A. Though B. Whether C. Until D. Unless
2. Now that you've got a chance, you ____ make full use of it. (NMET 1999)
A. had better to B. might as well
C. might as well as D. would rather
3. It was evening ____ we reached the little town of Winchester. (2004 天津)
A. that B. until C. since D. before
4. There is no light in the dormitory. They must have gone to the lecture, ____? (2004 上海春招)
A. didn't they B. don't they
C. mustn't they D. haven't they
5. The result of the experiment was very good, ____ we hadn't expected. (2000 北京春招)
A. when B. that C. which D. what
DBDDC
☆交際速成☆
【考點(diǎn)1】Talking about intentions and plans. 談?wù)撘庠负痛蛩?(2004江蘇)
-- How long are you staying? -- I don't know. ____.
A. That's OK B. Never mind
C. It depends D. It doesn't matter
[答案與解析]C 本題考查具體語(yǔ)境下被詢問(wèn)打算時(shí)的應(yīng)答。A項(xiàng)用于回答感謝和道歉，B、D兩項(xiàng)用于回答道歉，C 項(xiàng)表示“看情況而定”。
【歸納】英語(yǔ)中常見(jiàn)表達(dá)意愿和打算的用語(yǔ)有：
�、� I'll go with you.
② I'm going to see my head teacher this afternoon.
�、� I'd like to make a phone call to her after class.
④ I want / hope to find an English pen friend.
�、� I plan to go to Hangzhou this summer.
�、� We are ready to move to a new house.
�、� Bill intends to spend his vocation in California.
⑧ I'm thinking of driving to Beijing.
�、� Where would you prefer going...?
�、� How would you like to go to...?
When are you going off to...?
How are you going to...?
【考點(diǎn)2】Expressing good wishes祝愿
(2005廣東)
Tom: Mike, our team will play against the Rockets this weekend. I'm sure we will win.
Mike: ____!
A. Congratulations B. Cheers
C. Best wishes D. Good luck
[答案與解析]D 考查祝愿用語(yǔ)。在比賽前表示祝愿的話用Good luck。Congratulations用于成功之后的祝賀。Cheers意為“干杯”。Best wishes多用于書(shū)面語(yǔ)，表示“萬(wàn)事如意”的意思。
【歸納】英語(yǔ)中常見(jiàn)表達(dá)祝愿的用語(yǔ)有：
�、� Have a good day / time!
② Have a good journey / trip!
�、� Good luck!
�、� Enjoy yourself!
⑤ Best wishes to you!
�、� Happy New Year!
⑦ Happy birthday!
�、� Merry Christmas!
應(yīng)答語(yǔ)有：
�、� Thank you.
② You, too.
�、� The same to you.
【考點(diǎn)3】Describing emotions 描述人物的情感
(2001上海春招)
-- I'm afraid I can't finish the book within this week.
-- ____.
A. Please go ahead B. That's all right
C. Not at all D. Take your time
[答案與解析]D 本題考查時(shí)表示遺憾情感的應(yīng)答。A項(xiàng)表示“請(qǐng)吧，說(shuō)吧”，用于回答許可或讓對(duì)方先行。B、C兩項(xiàng)是感謝或道歉的答語(yǔ)，D項(xiàng)表示“別著急，慢慢來(lái)”，符合語(yǔ)境。
【歸納】中學(xué)英語(yǔ)中描述人物情感的用語(yǔ)有：
�、� (恐懼) Help! / How terrible! / I'm afraid of... / I'm afraid to... / You scared me! / It scares me!
② (高興) (It's) well done! / How wonderful! / That's great! / I'm pleased to...
�、� (驚奇) Really! / Oh dear! / Is that so? / What a surprise! / How surprising!
④ (憂慮) What's wrong? / what's the matter? / Anything wrong? / What should we do?
�、� (安慰)There, there. / Don't be afraid. ／Don't worry. / It's (quite) all right. / It'll be OK / all right.
�、� (滿意) Good! / Well done! ／ Perfect! / That's fine. / That's better.
�、� (遺憾) I'm so sorry! / It's a great pity! / What a shame! / That's too bad!
�、� (同情) I'm so sorry! / I'm so sorry (about your illness). / I'm sorry to hear that.
⑨ (憤怒) Damn! / How annoying!
�、� (鼓勵(lì)) Well done! / Come on! / Keep trying. / You can do it!
[牛刀小試4]
1. -- I'd like to take a week's holiday.
-- ____, we're too busy.
A. Don't worry B. Don't mention it
C. Forget it D. Pardon me
2. -- I was so sure that our experiment was going to succeed, but something went wrong at the last moment.
-- ____, but don't give it up.
A. Find out the reason B. Never mind
C. I'm sorry to hear that D. You don't 'mean that
3. -- I just heard that the tickets for tonight's show have been sold out. -- Oh no! ____.
A. I was looking forward to that B. It doesn't matter
C. I knew it already D. It's not at all interesting
4. -- We are going to travel to Italy. -- ____.
A. Good bye B. Go ahead
C. I like to go, too D. Have a good time
5. -- I'd rather have some tea, if you don't mind.
-- ____.
A. Thank you very much B. Yes, I like so
C. No, it's nothing D. Of course, anything you want
CCADD
☆精典題例☆
1. Rainforests ___ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future. (NMET 2002春上海)
A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut
【解析】選C 本題是在語(yǔ)境中考查現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。本句意為“雨林以這樣的速度被砍伐和焚燒，會(huì)導(dǎo)致它在不久的將來(lái)從地球上消失�！斌w會(huì)語(yǔ)境和句意便知此處選擇C項(xiàng)，表示現(xiàn)階段在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。
2. Twenty-three hours has passed after the explosion in the mine, but rescue efforts to recover the missing ____ carried out.
A. are still being B. have already been
C. are always D. will soon be
【解析】選A本句意為“礦井爆炸已過(guò)23小時(shí)了，但對(duì)失蹤人員的搜索還在進(jìn)行中�！�
3. -- When are you leaving? -- My plane ____ at 10:45.
A. takes off B. took off
C. is about to take off D. will take off
【解析】選A飛機(jī)是按時(shí)刻表運(yùn)行的。
4. -- Excuse me, what time is it now?
-- Sorry, my watch ____. It ____ at the shop.
A. isn't working; is being repaired
B. doesn't work; is being repaired
C. isn't working; is repaired
D. doesn't work; is repaired
【解析】選B doesn't work說(shuō)明“手表不工作”的狀態(tài)，而不只是現(xiàn)在才壞了。后句意為“手表正在商店里修理”，故應(yīng)用is being repaired。
5. John, who is considered ____ a warm-hearted man, is considering ____ his neighbor out of trouble.
A. to be; to help B. to be; helping
C. being; to help D. being; helping
【解析】選B be considered to be “被認(rèn)為是……”；consider doing “考慮做某事”。
6. He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation ____ it got worse.
A. until B. when C. before D. as
【解析】選C意思是“在事情還未變得更糟之前及
時(shí)糾正錯(cuò)誤”。
7. -- There is something wrong with my bike.
-- It doesn't matter. I ____ lend you mine.
A. am to B. am going to C. was going to D. will
【解析】選D be to表示按計(jì)劃安排將來(lái)的動(dòng)作，be going to 表示最近打算做某事，will 在此是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，表示“意志；意愿”。如：I will tell you all about it.
8. Children at the beginning of this century ____ a lot and ____ themselves greatly even without television.
A. used to read; enjoying B. used to read; enjoyed
C. were used to reading; enjoy
D. were used to read; enjoying
【解析】選B 前后時(shí)態(tài)要保持一致。
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