英語(yǔ)閱讀理解的猜詞技巧

　　許多人在閱讀英語(yǔ)文章時(shí)，一見到生詞就會(huì)情不自禁地停止閱讀，翻開詞典查找意思。等終于在詞典上找到了這個(gè)詞，通常又會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)它有很多種意思，就在你逐一研究這些意思并竭力要確定哪一個(gè)意思適合你所閱讀的文章時(shí)，卻往往發(fā)現(xiàn)你把剛才閱讀到的東西忘記了大半，這種尷尬事許多人都碰到過。在這種情況下，根據(jù)上下文猜測(cè)詞義就更為重要。

　　下面介紹幾種常用的猜詞技巧。

　　1.利用定義或解釋(definition or explanation)

　　Signal words: means, refers to, be called, be known as ,can be defined as, in other words,that is , that is to say, 定語(yǔ)從句…..etc.

　　舉例：

　　Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots(嫩芽), or young leaves of trees.(B)

　　The word “pruning” means______

　　A. Regular cutting(修剪) of the plants

　　B. Frequent watering

　　C. Regular use of chemicals

　　D. Growing the plants high in the mountain

　　2.利用普通常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)(common sense or experience)

　　舉例：

　　1. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today.

　　“ocelot” means _________________(an endangered wild cat)

　　2.The period of adolescence, the period between childhood and adulthood ,may be long or short.

　　“adolescence” means___________(The period between childhood and adulthood)

　　3.利用同義/同位語(yǔ)(similarity/appositive)

　　Signal words：for example ，for instance，such as ，like，as---as，etc.

　　舉例：

　　The largest player – Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Center offers a wide variety of choices, such as deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches. Santana sedans are the big favorite of the tourists. (C)

　　The words “deluxe sedans,” “minivans” and “station wagons” used in the text refer to ____.

　　A. cars in the making B. car rental firms C. cars for rent D. car makers

　　4.利用舉例(from examples)

　　Signal words: as, like, the same as，unlike, but，however, on the contrary, while,instead…ect.

　　舉例：

　　1. The snow was falling.Big flakes drifted(飄) with the wind like feathers.

　　2. Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy person who does not like to go to parties or make new friends.

　　5.利用比較或?qū)Ρ?comparison or contrast)

　　(1)Overwork may cause diseases.

　　over(過分的、過量的)+work=overwork“工作過度”。

　　(2)There was a dissatisfied look in the managers eyes.

　　dis “不” + satisfied“滿意的=dissatisfied “不滿意的”。

　　6.利用構(gòu)詞法(Word formation)：前綴、后綴、復(fù)合、派生等

　　舉例：

　　1. Is he intelligent or stupid?

　　2. Most women in Ghana--- the educated and illiterate, the urban and rural, the young and old--- work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers. Their reputation for economic independence, self-reliance, and hard work is well known and well deserved.(C)

　　The underlined word “illiterate” in the passage means ____.

　　A. Repeated B. reiterated. C uneducated D. sick

　　7.利用同義詞或反義詞(Synonym or Antonym)

　　舉例：

　　Signal words:because，since ,so, such…that,so…that, ect

　　I feel that since you are my superior(上司), it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”(B)

　　The word “presumptuous” is closest in meaning to “____” .

　　A.full of respect B. rude and too confident

　　C.lacking in experience D.too shy and quiet

　　8.利用原因與結(jié)果關(guān)系猜詞(from Cause and Result)

　　The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that he worked as an engineer.(A)

　　A. work B. study C. name D. interest

　　9.利用上下文的語(yǔ)境(context or related information)

　　內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系

　　根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測(cè)詞義是指運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言知識(shí)分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系，然后根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。

　　1、根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義

　　在一個(gè)句子或段落中，有對(duì)兩個(gè)事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對(duì)比性的描述，我們可以根據(jù)生詞或難詞的反義詞猜測(cè)其詞義。

　　【例一】Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.

　　該例中supercilious對(duì)許多人來說可能是個(gè)生詞，但是句中短語(yǔ)in contrast(相對(duì)照的，相對(duì)比的)可以提X我們：supercilious和后面詞組humble and modest(謙卑又謙虛)是對(duì)比關(guān)系。分析出這種關(guān)系后，我們便能猜出supercilious意為“目空一切的，傲慢的”。

　　表X對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語(yǔ)主要是unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 和while 引導(dǎo)的并列句等。

　　【例二】A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones。

　　該句中并未出現(xiàn)上面提到的表X對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞或短語(yǔ)，但是通過上下文可以判斷出句子前后是對(duì)比關(guān)系，即把熟練工人與非熟練工人區(qū)分開。這時(shí)我們也能夠推斷出生詞adept的詞義——“熟練的”。

　　2、根據(jù)比較關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義

　　同對(duì)比關(guān)系相反，比較關(guān)系表X意義上的相似關(guān)系。

　　【例如】Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.

　　該句中副詞similarly表明短語(yǔ)loves to talk與生詞loquacious之間的比較關(guān)系。以此可以推斷出loquacious詞義為“健談的”。

　　表X比較關(guān)系的詞和短語(yǔ)主要是similarly, like, just as, also等。

　　3、根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義

　　在句子或段落種，若兩個(gè)事物、現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推知生詞詞義。

　　針對(duì)性解釋

　　針對(duì)性解釋是作者為了更好的表達(dá)思想，在文章中對(duì)一些重要的概念、難懂的術(shù)語(yǔ)或 詞匯等所作的解釋。這些解釋提供的信息具有明確的針對(duì)性，利用它們猜詞義比較容易。

　　1、根據(jù)定義猜測(cè)詞義

　　如果生詞是句子或段落所解釋的定義，理解句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。

　　【例一】anthropology is the scientific study of man.

　　由定義可知，anthropology就是“研究人類的科學(xué)”。

　　【例二】In slang the term "jam" constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.

　　同樣，從上下文的定義可知jam一詞在俚語(yǔ)中的意思是“困境”。

　　定義句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多為：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute等。

　　2、根據(jù)復(fù)述猜測(cè)詞義

　　雖然復(fù)述不如定義那樣嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、詳細(xì)，但是提供的信息足以使閱讀者猜出生詞詞義。復(fù)述部分可以適當(dāng)詞、短語(yǔ)或是從句。

　　1)同位語(yǔ)

　　【例一】Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently。

　　此例逗號(hào)中短語(yǔ)意為“對(duì)詞意義進(jìn)行研究的學(xué)科”。該短語(yǔ)與前面生詞semanties是同位關(guān)系，因此我們不難猜出semanties指“語(yǔ)義學(xué)”。

　　在復(fù)述中構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系的兩部分之間多用逗號(hào)連接，有時(shí)也使用破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、分號(hào)、引號(hào)、和括號(hào)等。

　　【例二】Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits。

　　由同位語(yǔ)我們很快猜出生詞capacitance詞義——電容量。需要注意的是：同位語(yǔ)前還常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other等副詞或短語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)。

　　2)定語(yǔ)從句

　　【例如】Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder,a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.

　　根據(jù)生詞SAD后面定語(yǔ)從句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位語(yǔ)androme characterized by severe seasonal mood swings, 我們可以推斷出SAD含義，即“季節(jié)性情緒紊亂癥”。

　　根據(jù)舉例猜測(cè)詞義

　　恰當(dāng)?shù)呐e例能夠提供猜測(cè)生詞的重要線索，例如：

　　The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past. 句中“戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)”和“重大科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)”是生詞的實(shí)例，通過它們我們可以猜出epochal的大致詞義“重要的”，這與其確切含義“劃時(shí)代的”十分接近。

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